4/27/2023 0 Comments Coursenotes ap bio ch 45![]() The great diversity of life today evolved from less-diverse ancestral organisms over billions of years. Organisms, in turn, are grouped as populations, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere. ![]() Living things are highly organized parts of a hierarchy that includes atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. All living organisms share several key properties such as order, sensitivity or response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development, regulation, homeostasis, and energy processing. 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biologyīiology is the science of life. Review papers summarize the research done in a particular field over a period of time. A scientific research paper consists of several well-defined sections: introduction, materials and methods, results, and, finally, a concluding discussion. Scientists present their results in peer-reviewed scientific papers published in scientific journals. The common thread throughout scientific research is the use of the scientific method, a step-based process that consists of making observations, defining a problem, posing hypotheses, testing these hypotheses, and drawing one or more conclusions. Deductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that predicts results by applying general principles. Inductive reasoning uses particular results to produce general scientific principles. Two types of logical reasoning are used in science. ![]() The primary goal of applied research, however, is to solve practical problems. The main goal of basic science is to expand knowledge without any expectation of short-term practical application of that knowledge. Science has many fields those fields related to the physical world and its phenomena are considered natural sciences. Science attempts to describe and understand the nature of the universe in whole or in part by rational means. A workflow for carbonate rock typing addressing some of the industry pitfalls and the differences between lithofacies, petrophysical groups and rock types are presented in this paper.Biology is the science that studies living organisms and their interactions with one another and their environments. The authors emphasize on the need to have a good understanding of the original facies, depositional environments, subsequent diagenetic processes and rockfluid interaction (via SCAL) to be able to unravel the relationships between lithofacies, petrophysical groups and rock types. On the contrary, lithofacies deposited in different depositional environments, might exhibit similar petrophysical properties and dynamic behavior. ![]() Therefore, lithofacies deposited under similar geological conditions may experience different diagenetic processes resulting in different petrophysical groups with distinct porositypermeability relationship, capillary pressure profile and water saturation (Sw) for a given height above the Free Water Level (FWL). Similar lithofacies, deposited under the same depositional environments, may exhibit different petrophysical properties due to diagenesis. The relationships between lithofacies and reservoir rock types (RRTs) is complex because of the inter-play between facies, diagenetic processes and the rock-fluid interaction (wettability changes) in the reservoir. It is therefore a process by which various petrophysical parameters and dynamic measurements obtained from SCAL are integrated in a consistent manner with geological facies (lithofacies) to estimate their flow (dynamic) behavior. Reservoir rock typing is a synergetic process between geology and petrophysics/SCAL. Porosity, permeability and pore size distributions characterize the rock texture while capillary pressure, relative permeability and wettability describe the rock-fluid interaction. The dynamic behavior of the facies is assessed by studying the rock texture, the diagenetic processes which overprinted the initial fabric, and the interaction between the rock itself and the fluids. Reservoir rock typing is a process by which geological facies are characterized by their dynamic behavior.
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